Overall, the X-reality interventions reduced the pain level of the amputees (mean difference: -2.30, 95% CI, -3.38 to -1.22), especially the virtual reality subgroup (mean difference: -2.83, 95% CI, -4.43 to -1.22).
Regardless, all these interventions adopted the movement representation strategies with different techniques. We found eleven studies on virtual reality ( n = 11), four studies on marker-based augmented reality ( n = 4) and one study on mixed reality ( n = 1) with a total of 40 game/task themes involving, motor skills, motor control, and stimulus-sensing. Sixteen ( n = 16) studies containing 66 lower-limb and 53 upper-limb amputees were included for the review over the thematic framework of amputee characteristics and intervention designs, while thirteen ( n = 13) studies were further proceeded for the meta-analysis. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL. The objective of this study is to review X-reality for managing phantom pain. While pharmacological approaches appeared to be ineffective, the emergence and integration of X-reality, including virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality, might elevate the effectiveness of mirror therapy in managing phantom limb. Phantom limb is a disabling neuropsychiatric condition among amputees resulting in pain and disturbance that impact their functions, quality of life, and autonomy.
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